List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas
This is a list of writers from Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
It includes people who self-identify as Alaskan Native, American Indian, First Nations, Inuit, Métis, Native Hawaiian, and Indigenous Central and South American writers. It has been noted that some writers self-identify in this way without necessarily satisfying tribal membership rules or governmental requirements (e.g. blood quantum). As the list is inclusive rather than exclusive, it contains some writers over whom there has been controversy. It excludes those writers such as Forrest Carter,[1][2] Ward Churchill,[3][4][5] Jamake Highwater,[6][7] and Grey Owl[1][8][9] whose claims to be of Native American descent have been factually disproved through genealogical research.
A
- Louise Abeita, Isleta Pueblo
- Howard Adams, Métis, Canada, (1921–2001)
- Freda Ahenakew, Cree, Canada, (born 1932)
- Ai, Choctaw-Chickasaw-Cheyenne-Comanche, (born 1947)
- Richard Aitson, Kiowa, (born 1953)[10]
- Humberto Ak'ab'al, K'iche' Maya, Guatemala, (born 1952)
- Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm, Anishinaabe, Canada
- Gerald Taiaiake Alfred, Mohawk Nation, Canada, (born 1964)
- Sherman Alexie, Spokane-Coeur d'Alene, (born 1966)
- Elsie Allen, Cloverdale Pomo, (1899–1990)
- Paula Gunn Allen, Laguna-Sioux-Lebanese, (1939–2008)
- Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl, Texcocan, Mexico, (c. 1570 – 1648)
- Arthur Amiotte, Oglala Lakota, (born 1942)[11]
- Gertrude Bernard Anahareo, Iroquois, Canada, (1906–1986)
- William Apess, Pequot, (1798–1839)
- Annette Arkeketa, Otoe-Missouria-Muscogee Creek[12]
- José María Arguedas, Quechua Mestizo, Peru, (1911–1969)
- Joanne Arnott, Métis, Canada, (born 1960)
- Pitseolak Ashoona, Inuit, Canada, (1904–1983)
- Marilou Awiakta, Eastern Band Cherokee
B
- Jimmy Santiago Baca, Apache-Chicano, (born 1952)
- Marie Annharte Baker[13]
- Charles G. Ballard, Quapaw-Cherokee[14]
- Dennis Banks, Leech Lake Ojibwe, (born 1932)
- Jim Barnes, Choctaw, (born 1933), Poet Laureate of Oklahoma 2009[15]
- Jose Barreiro, Taíno, Cuban-American, (born 1948)
- Louise Ann Barton[16]
- Glecia Bear, Cree, Canada, (born 1912)
- Jimmy Beason, Osage[17]
- Denton Bedford[18]
- Shonto Begay, Navajo, (born 1950)[19]
- Esther Belin, Navajo[20]
- Betty Louise Bell, Cherokee, (born 1949)
- Salli M. K. Benedict[21]
- Kay Bennett (“Kaibah”)[22]
- Diane E. Benson, Tlingit, (born 1954)
- Edward Benton-Banai[23]
- John D. Berry, Cherokee Nation[24]
- Moses Big Crow[25]
- Duane Big Eagle[26]
- Tiana Bighorse [27]
- D.L. Birchfield, Chickasaw-Choctaw[19]
- Gloria Bird, Spokane, (born 1951)[28]
- Camile Bishop, Cherokee[29]
- Andrew Blackbird, Odawa, (c. 1815 – 1908)
- Ned Blackhawk, Te-Moak Shoshone[30]
- Governor Blacksnake (Thaonawyuthe/Chainbreaker), Seneca, (c. 1760 – 1859)
- Fred Bigjim, Iñupiaq[31]
- Buffalo Bird Woman, Hidatsa, (c. 1839 – 1932)
- Sherwin Bitsui, Diné, (born 1975)
- Peter Blue Cloud, Mohawk, (born 1935)[32]
- James BlueWolf, Choctaw, (born 1950)[33]
- Kimberly M. Blaeser, White Earth Ojibwe, (born 1950)
- Darren Bonaparte, Mohawk, (born 1964)[34]
- Elias Boudinot, Cherokee, (1740–1821)
- Duwayne Leslie Bowen, Seneca, (1946–2006)[35]
- Joseph Boyden, Métis, Canada, (born 1966)
- Linda Boyden, Cherokee[36]
- Odilón Ramos Boza, Quechua[37]
- Susan Braine, Assiniboine-Hunkpapa Sioux.[38]
- Mary Brave Bird, Brulé Lakota, (born 1953)
- Trevino Brings Plenty, Lakota[39]
- Silvester J. Brito, Comanche-P'urhépecha
- Ignatia Broker, Ojibwe, United States, (1919–1987)
- Emily Ticasuk Ivanoff Brown, Inuit, (1904–1982)[40]
- James Bruchac, Abenaki[41]
- Jesse Bruchac, Abenaki[42]
- Joseph Bruchac, Abenaki, (born 1942)
- Margaret Bruchac, Abenaki[43]
- Leonard R. Bruguier, Sioux, (1944–2009)[44]
- David Burnette, Sioux[45]
- Diane Burns, Chemehuevi-Anishinabe.1957-2006 [46]
- Jimalee Chitwood Burton, Cherokee Nation, (born 1920).[47]
- Barney Bush, Shawnee Tribe[48]
C
- Gregory Cajete, Santa Clara Pueblo[49]
- Cristina Calderón, Yaghan, Chile, (born c. 1938) (last speaker of the Yaghan language)
- E. K. Caldwell, Cherokee-Shawnee, (1954–1997)[50]
- Sophia Alice Callahan, Muscogee Creek, (1864–1894)[51]
- Maria Campbell, Métis, Canada, (born 1940)
- Gladys Cardiff, Eastern Band Cherokee-descent, (born 1942)
- Helen Slwooko Carius, Yupik, (1928–1998)[52]
- Aaron Albert Carr, Laguna Pueblo-Diné, (born 1963)
- Lorna Dee Cervantes, Mestiza, United States, (born 1954)
- Betsey Guppy Chamberlain, Wabanaki, (1797–1886).[53]
- Asani Charles, Choctaw-Chickasaw[54]
- Paul L.A.H. Chartrand, Metis[55]
- Dean Chavers, Lumbee
- Rosa Chavez, Maya, Guatemala[56]
- Shirley Cheechoo, Cree
- Bruce Chester, Metis-Sokoki[57]
- Fredy Chicangana, Yanacona, Colombia[58]
- Rosemary Christensen, Chippewa[59]
- Chrystos, Menominee, (born 1946)
- Eddie Chuculate, Muscogee Creek-Cherokee.[60]
- Robert Chute, Sokoki[61]
- George Clutesi, Tseshaht First Nation, Canada, (b. 1905–1988)
- Briceida Cuevas Cob, Mayan[62]
- Jacques L. Condor, Abenaki[63]
- Robert J. Conley, United Keetowah Band-Cherokee Nation, (born 1940)
- Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, Crow Creek Lakota, (born 1930)
- Katsi Cook, Mohawk[64]
- George Copway, Mississauga Ojibwa, Cananda, (1818–1869)
- George Cornell, Ojibwe, (born 1948)[65]
- Jesse Cornplanter, Seneca, (1889–1957)
- Jeanette Henry Costo, Cahuilla-Cherokee.[66]
- Rupert Costo, Cahuilla[67]
- Richard Courchene, Sioux[68]
- Marcia Crosby, Tsimshian-Haida, Canada
- Allan Crow, Ojibwe[69]
- Steve Crow, Cherokee,[70] (born 1949)
- Leonard Crow Dog, Oglala Lakota, (born 1942)[71]
- Moses Cruikshank, Athabascan[72]
- Steven J. Crum, Shoshone[73]
- Delano Cummings, Lumbee[74]
- David Cusick, Seneca, (c. 1780 – c. 1831)
D
- Joseph A. Dandurand, Kwantlen First Nation, Canada
- Nora Marks Dauenhauer, Tlingit, (born 1927)
- Susan Deer Cloud, Métis, United States, (born 1950)
- Ella Cara Deloria, Yankton Dakota, (1888–1971)
- Vine Deloria, Jr., Yankton Dakota, (1933–2005)
- Bonnie Devine, Serpent River First Nation, Canada
E
F
G
- Diane Glancy, Cherokee-descent, (born 1941)
- Owl Goingback, Eastern Band Cherokee, (born 1959)
- Jewelle Gomez, Iowa tribe, (born 1948)
- Gaspar Pedro González, Q'anjob'al Maya[80]
- Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Quechua, (c. 1535 – after 1616)
- Janice Gould, Maidu
- Rayna Green, Cherokee, (born 1942)[81]
H
- Janet Campbell Hale, Coeur d'Alene-Kootenay, (born 1947)
- Joy Harjo, Muscogee Creek-Cherokee, (born 1951)
- Ernestine Hayes, Tlingit, (born 1945)
- William Least Heat-Moon, contested Osage descent, (born 1939)
- Allison Hedge Coke, Huron-Cherokee-Creek, (born 1958)
- Stephanie Hedgecoke, Huron-Cherokee-Creek, (born 1955)[82][83]
- Travis Hedge Coke, Huron-Cherokee-Choctaw-Creek, (born 1980)[84]
- Gordon Henry, White Earth Band of Ojibwe, (born 1955)
- Inés Hernández-Ávila, Nez Perce-Chicana[85]
- José Tamayo Herrera, Quechua[86]
- Tomson Highway, Cree, Canada, (born 1951)
- Roberta Hill-Whiteman, Oneida[87]
- Patricia Hilden, Nez Perce-descent[88]
- Geary Hobson, Quapaw-Cherokee-Chickasaw, (born 1941)[89]
- Linda Hogan, Chickasaw, (born 1947)
- Robert Houle, Saulteaux, Canada, (born 1947)
- LeAnne Howe, Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, (born 1951)
- Isaac Huamán, Quechua[90]
- Al Hunter, Anishnaabe, Canada
I
J
- Rita Joe, Mi'kmaq, Canada, (1932–2007)
- Basil Johnston, Anishinaabe, Canada, (born 1929)
- Emily Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake), Mohawk, Canada, (1861–1913)
- Stephen Graham Jones, Blackfeet, (born 1972)
- Hugo Jamioy Juagibioy, Kamentsa, Colombia
- Daniel Heath Justice, Cherokee Nation, Canada
K
- Maude Kegg, Ojibwe, (1904–1999)
- Wayne Keon, Nipissing Canada
- Thomas King, Cherokee descent, Canada, (born 1943)
- Phil Konstantin, Cherokee, (born 1952)[91]
- Ariruma Kowii, Quechua, Ecuador, (born 1961)[92]
L
- Winona LaDuke, White Earth Band of Ojibwe, (born 1959)
- Carole LaFavor, Ojibwe
- Francis La Flesche, Omaha, (1857–1932)
- Luis de Lión, Mayan, Guatemala, (1939–1984).[93]
- Ki Longfellow, Iroquois-descent.
- Phil Lucas, Choctaw, (1942–2007)
M
- Eduardo Ninamango Mallqui, Quechua, Peru[90]
- Manipiniktikinia, Kuna, Panama[94]
- Wilma Mankiller, Cherokee Nation, (1945–2010)
- Vera Manuel, Secwepemc-Ktunaxa, (1949–2010)
- Lee Maracle, Salish-Cree, Canada, (born 1950)
- Joseph Marshall III, Lakota, (born c. 1946)
- John Joseph Mathews, Osage, (c. 1894 – 1979)
- Janet McAdams, Poarch Band of Creek Indians
- Gerald McMaster, Siksika Nation-Red Pheasant First Nation, (born 1953)
- William D'Arcy McNickle (1904–1977), Salish Kootenai
- Mardi Oakley Medawar, Cherokee-descent
- Rigoberta Menchú, K'iché Maya, Guatemala, (born 1959)
- Billy Merasty, Cree, Canada, (born 1960)
- Howard L. Meredith, Cherokee, (1938–2003)[95]
- Tiffany Midge, Hunkpapa Lakota-German-American, (born 1965)
- Devon Mihesuah, Choctaw, (born 1957)
- Deborah A. Miranda, Esselen-Chumash
- Gabriela Mistral, Mapuche, Chile, (1889–1957)
- N. Scott Momaday, Kiowa-Cherokee, (born 1934)
- Victor Montejo, Jakaltek Maya, Guatemala[96]
- Marijo Moore, Cherokee
- Glenn T. Morris, Shawnee, (born c. 1955)
- Irvin Morris, Navajo, (born 1958)
- Daniel David Moses, Delaware, Canada, (born 1952)
- Mountain Wolf Woman, Ho-Chunk, (1884–1960)
- Mourning Dove, Colville-Okanagan, (1888–1936)
N
O
P
- Elise Paschen, Osage Nation
- William S. Penn, Nez Perce, (born 1949)
- Robert L. Perea, Oglala Lakota-Mexican, United States
- Lawrence Plamondon, Odawa-Ojibwe, (born 1946)
- Simon Pokagon, Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, (c. 1830 – 1899)
- Alexander Posey, Muscogee (Creek) Nation, (1873–1908)
- Susan Power, Standing Rock Sioux, (born 1961)
- Pretty Shield, Crow Nation, (1856–1944)
Q
R
- Delphine Red Shirt, Oglala Lakota, (born 1957)
- Carter Revard, Osage, (born 1931)
- John Rollin Ridge (Yellow Bird), Cherokee, (1827–1967)
- Eden Robinson, Haisla-Heiltsuk, Canada, (born 1968)
- Will Rogers, Cherokee, (1879–1935)
- Will Rogers, Jr., Cherokee, (1911–1993)
- Wendy Rose, Hopi-Miwok, (born 1948)
S
- Carol Lee Sanchez, Laguna Pueblo
- William Saunders, Cherokee, (born 1942)
- Greg Sarris, Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, (born 1952)
- Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, Ojibwe, (1800–1842)
- Kim Shuck, Cherokee-Sac and Fox[98]
- Leslie Marmon Silko, Laguna Pueblo, (born 1948)
- Ruby Slipperjack, Ojibwe, Canada, (born 1952)
- Paul Chaat Smith, Comanche[99]
- Cynthia Leitich Smith, Muscogee Creek, (born 1967)
- Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve, Brulé Lakota, (born 1933)
- Luther Standing Bear, Oglala Lakota, (1868–1939)
- James Thomas Stevens, Akwesasne Mohawk, (born 1966)
- Rennard Strickland, Osage-Cherokee, (born 1940)[100]
- Virginia Stroud, United Keetoowah Band Cherokee-Muscogee, (born 1951)
- Madonna Swan, Lakota, (1928–1993)
- Denise Sweet, Anishinaabe, Poet Laureate of Wisconsin 2004[101]
- James Schoppert, Tlingit (1947–1992)
T
- "Chief" Tahachee, (Jeff Davis Tahchee Cypert), Cherokee, (1904–1978)
- Mary Tall Mountain, Athabascan, (1918–1994)[102]
- Margo Tamez, Lipan Apache-Jumano Apache, (born 1962)
- Luci Tapahonso, Diné, (born 1953)
- Drew Hayden Taylor, Ojibwe, Canada, (born 1962)
- George Tinker, Osage,
- Laura Tohe, Diné, (born 1952)[103]
- Natalia Toledo, Zapotec, Mexican, (born 1968)
- Haunani-Kay Trask, Native Hawaiian, (born 1949)
- Mililani Trask, Native Hawaiian
- Rebecca Hatcher Travis, Chickasaw [104]
- Gail Tremblay, Mi'kmaq-Onondaga, (born 1945)
- David Treuer, Leech Lake Ojibwe, (born 1970)
- John Trudell, Santee Sioux, (born 1946)
- Mark Turcotte, Turtle Mountain Chippewa
- Richard Twiss, Brulé Lakota, (born 1954)
- E. Donald Two-Rivers, Anishinaabe, (1945–2008)
U
V
W
- David Walks-As-Bear, Kispoko Shawnee, (born 1957)
- Velma Wallis, Athabaskan, (born 1960)
- Anna Lee Walters, Pawnee-Otoe-Missouria, (born 1946)
- Luke Warm Water (Kurt Schweigman), Oglala Lakota[107]
- Clyde Warrior, Ponca, (1939–1968)
- Robert Allen Warrior, Osage[108]
- Waziyatawin, (a.k.a. Angela Wilson) Wahpetunwan Dakota. [8]
- Ron Welburn, Assateague-Gingaskin-Cherokee[109]
- James Welch, Blackfeet-Gros Ventre, (1940–2003)
- Orlando White, Navajo[110]
- Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins (Thocmentony), Paiute, (c. 1841 – 1891)
- Craig Womack, Muscogee-Cherokee
- Karenne Wood, Monacan[111]
- Elizabeth Woody, Navajo-Wasco
- Wub-e-ke-niew, Red Lake Anishinaabe, (1928–1997)[112]
X
Y
Z
See also
References
- ^ a b Nolan, Maggie and Carrie Dawson, ed. Who's Who? Hoaxes, Imposture and Identity Crises in Australian Literature. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 2004: 16-17. (retrieved through Google Books, 26 July 2009) ISBN 9780702235238.
- ^ Bataille, Gretchen M. American Indian Representations. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001: 49. (retrieved through Google Books, 26 July 2009) ISBN 978-0-8032-1312-8.
- ^ Richardson, Valerie. Report on Conclusion of Preliminary Review in the Matter of Professor Ward Churchill. University of Colorado at Boulder. 2005 . Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ Brown, Thomas. "Is Ward Churchill the New Michael Bellesiles?" George Mason University's History News Network. 14 March 2005 . Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ Harjo, Suzan Shown. "Ward Churchill: The White Man's Burden." Indian Country Today. 3 August 2007 . Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ Hoxie, Frederick E. Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life From Paleo-Indians to the Present. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006: 191-2. (retrieved through Google Books, 26 July 2009) ISBN 978-0395669211
- ^ Weaver, Jace. Other Words: American Indian Literature, Law, and Culture. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001: 138. (retrieved through Google Books, 26 July 2009) ISBN 978-0-8061-3352-2
- ^ Valaskakis, Gail Guthrie. Indian County: Essays on Contemporary Native Culture. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2005: 221. (retrieved through Google Books, 26 July 2009) ISBN 978-0-88920-479-9.
- ^ Root, Deborah. Cannibal Culture: Art, Appropriation, And The Commodification Of Difference. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996: 102. (retrieved through Google Books, 26 July 2009) ISBN 978-0813320892.
- ^ Richard Aitson , 1953-. Native American Authors Project. (retrieved 1 Mar 2009)
- ^ Arthur Amiotee: Oglala Lakota. Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center. . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ Hypatia. Project Muse. 18:2, Spring 2003 . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ Marie Annharte Baker:Biography
- ^ nativeauthors.com
- ^ [1]
- ^ Internet Public Library:Louise Ann Barton
- ^ Tribal College Journal (2006-06-28). "Tribal College Journal of American Indian Higher Education". Tribalcollegejournal.org. http://www.tribalcollegejournal.org/themag/backissues/fall2007/fall07student4.htm#tribal. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ At the Internet Public Library: Denton Bedford
- ^ a b "Native American Authors: Shonto Begay". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A192. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ Belin, Esther. From the Belly of My Beauty. University of Arizona Press. . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ At the Internet Public Library: Salli M. K. Benedict
- ^ At the Internet Public Library: Kay Bennett
- ^ Edward Benton-Banai Bio at Turtle IslandTraditional tale by Benton-Banai
- ^ At the Internet Public Library: John D. Berry
- ^ At the IPL: Moses Big Crow
- ^ At the IPL: Duane Big Eagle
- ^ At the IPL: Tiana Bighorse
- ^ Gloria Bird, 1951-. Native American Authors Project. . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ "Cherokee Poetry: Buffalo and Feather Spirit". Cherokee-nc.com. http://www.cherokee-nc.com/index.php?page=75. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ At the IPL: Ned Blackhawk
- ^ Fred Bigjim:Analysis by James Ruppert
- ^ "Native American Authors: Peter Blue Cloud". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A18. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ Review from Earthen Vessel Article from Alternet on language school activities
- ^ "Native American Authors: Darren Bonaparte". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A497. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Duwayne Leslie Bowen". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A59. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Linda Boyden". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A623. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Native America Calling". Native America Calling. http://www.nativeamericacalling.com/nac_staffbios.shtml. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "PRESS". Trevino Brings Plenty. 2005-02-02. http://www.trevinobringsplenty.com/press.html. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "emily.html". Northstar.k12.ak.us. http://www.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/tic/emily.html. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Author Details". Authorsinschools.com. http://www.authorsinschools.com/author_details.aspx?AuthorID=58. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Bruchac, Jesse Bowman (Abenaki) ― North American Native Authors Catalog Online". Nativeauthors.com. http://nativeauthors.com/index.php?productID=1393. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Biographical Info". Maligeet.net. http://www.maligeet.net/Biographical_Info.html. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Leonard R. Bruguier". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A61. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: David Burnette". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A589. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Diane Burns, Native American Lower East Side poet". Thevillager.com. http://www.thevillager.com/villager_198/dianeburnsnative.html. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Jimalee Chitwood Burton". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A151. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ At the IPL:Barney Bush
- ^ Plumber, Mary Annette. Getting to Know Dr. Gregory Cajete. Diverse Issues in Higher Education. 16 Oct 2008 . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ "E.K. Caldwell". Dickshovel.com. http://www.dickshovel.com/ek.html. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ Wilson, Linda D. "Callahan, Sophia Alice (1868–1894)." Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. (retrieved 10 Jan 2011)
- ^ "Native American Authors: Helen Slwooko Carius". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A152. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Betsey Guppy Chamberlain". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A525. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Asani Charles | Directory of Writers | Poets & Writers". Pw.org. 2009-05-20. http://www.pw.org/content/asani_charles. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Paul L.A.H. Chartrand". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A516. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Joy and Expectation in Medellín about the XIX International Poetry Festival". Festivaldepoesiademedellin.org. http://www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/pub.php/en/Festival/XIX_Festival/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Bruce Chester". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A222. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Poetry International Web - Fredy Chicangana". International.poetryinternationalweb.org. http://international.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=10214. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Rosemary Christensen". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A223. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories". Randomhouse.com. http://www.randomhouse.com/anchor/ohenry/spotlight/chuculate.html. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Robert Chute". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A224. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Poetry International Web - Briceida Cuevas Cob". International.poetryinternationalweb.org. http://international.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=412&x=1. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Jacques L. Condor". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A529. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Katsi Cook". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A226. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: George Cornell". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A227. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Jeannette Dulce Henry Costo". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A393. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Rupert Costo". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A126. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Richard Courchene". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A483. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Allan Crow". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A508. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Steve Crow". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A140. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ Leonard Crow Dog, 1942-. Native American Authors Project. . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Moses Cruikshank". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A391. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Steven J. Crum". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A459. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ "Native American Authors: Delano Cummings". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A534. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ Liselotte Erdrich, pdf
- ^ "On stage: Agokwe". Xtra!, September 25, 2008.
- ^ Lance Foster, The Indians of Iowa
- ^ Native American Authors Project: Lee Francis
- ^ Santee Frazier
- ^ Introduction. Mayan Literature. . Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ Voices from the Gaps
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ UC Davis, Native American Studies
- ^ National Library of Australia
- ^ Roberta Hill-Whiteman on IPL
- ^ Homepage
- ^ Native American Authors Project
- ^ a b Pachakutiy taki: Canto y poesía quechua de la transformación del mundo
- ^ [6]
- ^ Report of the International Poetry Festival of Medellín
- ^ as listed at Yax Te' Books
- ^ Memoria del Festival Internacional de Poesía de Medellín
- ^ A Cherokee Encyclopedia
- ^ Books & Authors: Victor Montejo. Curbstone Press. . Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ Oskison, John Milton (1874–1947). Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ Kim Shuck. Native American Authors Project. . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ Paul Chaat Smith. Fear of a Red Planet.
- ^ University of Oregon: Faculty & Staff
- ^ [7]
- ^ Mary Tall Mountain
- ^ Laura Tohe on NativeWiki
- ^ Rebecca Hatcher Travis
- ^ Report of the International Poetry Festival of Medellín
- ^ "Native American Authors: Richard Van Camp". Ipl.org. http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A415. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ Luke Warm Water at IPL
- ^ Robert Warrior, OU
- ^ Ron Welburn
- ^ IAIA Frazier and White Publish First Books
- ^ Karenne Wood
- ^ Wub-e-ke-niew
- ^ Latin American Indian Literatures Journal
- ^ Columba Portuhgal
External links